Sniffer distributed architecture

From VoIPmonitor.org
Revision as of 23:42, 9 January 2026 by Admin (talk | contribs) (Add section on filtering options in packet mirroring mode - clarify that BPF/IP filters work on remote sensor while capture rules work on central server)


This guide covers deploying multiple VoIPmonitor sensors in a distributed architecture using Client-Server mode (v20+).

For deployment options including on-host vs dedicated sensors and traffic forwarding methods (SPAN, GRE, TZSP, VXLAN), see VoIPmonitor Deployment & Topology Guide.

Overview

VoIPmonitor v20+ uses Client-Server architecture for distributed deployments. Remote sensors connect to a central server via encrypted TCP (default port 60024, zstd compression).

Mode packetbuffer_sender What is Sent Processing Location Use Case
Local Processing no (default) CDRs only Remote sensor Multi-site, low bandwidth
Packet Mirroring yes Raw packets Central server Centralized analysis, low-resource remotes

Use Cases

AWS VPC Traffic Mirroring Alternative: If experiencing packet loss with AWS VPC Traffic Mirroring (VXLAN overhead, MTU fragmentation), use client-server mode instead:

  • Install VoIPmonitor on each source EC2 instance
  • Send via encrypted TCP to central server
  • Eliminates VXLAN encapsulation and MTU issues

Configuration

Remote Sensor (Client)

id_sensor               = 2                    # Unique per sensor (1-65535)
server_destination      = central.server.ip
server_destination_port = 60024
server_password         = your_strong_password

# Choose mode:
packetbuffer_sender     = no     # Local Processing: analyze locally, send CDRs
# packetbuffer_sender   = yes    # Packet Mirroring: send raw packets

interface               = eth0
sipport                 = 5060
# No MySQL credentials needed on remote sensors

💡 Tip: For HA setups with floating IPs, use manager_ip = 10.0.0.5 to bind outgoing connections to a static IP address.

Central Server

server_bind             = 0.0.0.0
server_bind_port        = 60024
server_password         = your_strong_password

mysqlhost               = localhost
mysqldb                 = voipmonitor
mysqluser               = voipmonitor
mysqlpassword           = db_password

# If receiving raw packets (packetbuffer_sender=yes on clients):
sipport                 = 5060
savertp                 = yes
savesip                 = yes

⚠️ Warning: Critical: Exclude server_bind_port from sipport on the central server. Including it causes continuously increasing memory usage. 

# WRONG - includes sensor communication port:
sipport = 1-65535

# CORRECT - excludes port 60024:
sipport = 1-60023,60025-65535

Key Configuration Rules

Rule Applies To Why
server_bind_port must match server_destination_port Both Connection fails if mismatched
sipport must match on probe and central server Packet Mirroring Missing ports = missing calls
natalias only on central server Packet Mirroring Prevents RTP correlation issues
Each sensor needs unique id_sensor All Required for identification

Local Processing vs Packet Mirroring

Local Processing Packet Mirroring
packetbuffer_sender no (default) yes
Processing location Remote sensor Central server
PCAP storage Remote sensor Central server
WAN bandwidth Low (CDRs only, 1Gb sufficient) High (full packets)
Remote CPU load Higher Minimal
Capture rules applied On sensor On central server only

PCAP Access in Local Processing Mode

PCAPs are stored on remote sensors. The GUI retrieves them via the central server, which proxies requests to each sensor's management port (TCP/5029).

Firewall requirements:

  • Central server → Remote sensors: TCP/5029
  • Remote sensors → Central server: TCP/60024

💡 Tip: Packet Mirroring (packetbuffer_sender=yes) automatically deduplicates calls - the central server merges packets from all probes for the same Call-ID into a single unified CDR. This also ensures one logical call only consumes one license channel.

Advanced Topics

High Availability (Failover)

Remote sensors can specify multiple central servers: 

server_destination = 192.168.0.1, 192.168.0.2

If primary is unavailable, the sensor automatically connects to the next server.

Connection Compression

# On both client and server (default: zstd)
server_type_compress = zstd   # Options: zstd, gzip, lzo, none

Intermediate Server (Hub-and-Spoke)

An intermediate server can receive from multiple sensors and forward to a central server: 

# On INTERMEDIATE SERVER
id_sensor               = 100

# Receive from remote sensors
server_bind             = 0.0.0.0
server_bind_port        = 60024
server_password         = sensor_password

# Forward to central server
server_destination      = central.server.ip
server_destination_port = 60024

packetbuffer_sender     = no    # or yes, depending on desired mode

ℹ️ Note: This works because the intermediate server does NOT do local packet capture - it only relays. Original remote sensors must be manually added to GUI Settings for visibility.

Multiple Receivers for Packet Mirroring

⚠️ Warning: Multiple sensors with packetbuffer_sender=yes sending to a single receiver instance can cause call processing conflicts (calls appear in Active Calls but missing from CDRs).

Solution: Run separate receiver instances on different hosts, each dedicated to specific sensors: 

# Receiver Instance 1 (Host 1, for Sensor A)
server_bind_port        = 60024
id_sensor               = 1

# Receiver Instance 2 (Host 2, for Sensor B)
server_bind_port        = 60024
id_sensor               = 2

Alternative: Use Local Processing mode (packetbuffer_sender=no) which processes calls independently on each sensor.

Preventing Duplicate CDRs (Local Processing)

When multiple probes capture the same call in Local Processing mode: 

# On each probe
cdr_check_exists_callid = yes

This checks for existing CDRs before inserting. Requires MySQL UPDATE privileges.

Critical: SIP and RTP Must Be Captured Together

VoIPmonitor cannot correlate SIP and RTP from different sniffer instances. A single sniffer must process both SIP and RTP for each call. Parameters like cdr_check_exists_callid do NOT enable split SIP/RTP correlation.


Split SIP/RTP with Packet Mirroring Mode

ℹ️ Note: Exception for Packet Mirroring Mode:: The above limitation applies to Local Processing mode (packetbuffer_sender=no) where each sensor processes calls independently. In Packet Mirroring mode (packetbuffer_sender=yes), the central server receives raw packets from multiple remote sensors and processes them together. This allows scenarios where SIP and RTP are captured on separate nodes - configure both as packet senders and let the central server correlate them into single unified CDRs.

Example scenario: Separate SIP signaling node and RTP handling node: 

# SIP Signaling Node (packet sender)
id_sensor               = 1
packetbuffer_sender     = yes
server_destination      = central.server.ip
server_destination_port = 60024
server_password         = your_password

# RTP Handling Node (packet sender)
id_sensor               = 2
packetbuffer_sender     = yes
server_destination      = central.server.ip
server_destination_port = 60024
server_password         = your_password

The central server merges packets from both senders by Call-ID, creating unified CDRs with complete SIP and RTP data.

Sensor Health Monitoring

Management API

Query sensor status via TCP port 5029: 

echo 'sniffer_stat' | nc <sensor_ip> 5029

Returns JSON with status, version, active calls, packets per second, etc.

Multi-Sensor Health Check Script

#!/bin/bash
SENSORS=("192.168.1.10:5029" "192.168.1.11:5029")
for SENSOR in "${SENSORS[@]}"; do
    IP=$(echo $SENSOR | cut -d: -f1)
    PORT=$(echo $SENSOR | cut -d: -f2)
    STATUS=$(echo 'sniffer_stat' | nc -w 2 $IP $PORT 2>/dev/null | grep -o '"status":"[^"]*"' | cut -d'"' -f4)
    echo "$IP: ${STATUS:-FAILED}"
done

Version Compatibility

Scenario Compatibility Notes
GUI ≥ Sniffer ✅ Compatible Recommended
GUI < Sniffer ⚠️ Risk Sensor may write to non-existent columns

Best practice: Upgrade GUI first (applies schema changes), then upgrade sensors.

For mixed versions temporarily, add to central server: 

server_cp_store_simple_connect_response = yes   # Sniffer 2024.11.0+

Troubleshooting

Quick Diagnosis

Symptom First Check Likely Cause
Sensor not connecting journalctl -u voipmonitor -f on sensor Check server_destination, password, firewall
Traffic rate [0.0Mb/s] tcpdump on sensor interface Network/SPAN issue, not communication
High memory on central server Check if sipport includes 60024 Exclude server port from sipport
Missing calls Compare sipport on probe vs central Must match on both sides
"Bad password" error GUI → Settings → Sensors Delete stale sensor record, restart sensor
"Connection refused (111)" after migration Check server_destination in config Points to old server IP
RTP streams end prematurely Check natalias location Configure only on central server
Time sync errors timedatectl status Fix NTP or increase tolerance

Connection Testing

# Test connectivity from sensor to server
nc -zv <server_ip> 60024

# Verify server is listening
ss -tulpn | grep voipmonitor

# Check sensor logs
journalctl -u voipmonitor -n 100 | grep -i "connect"

Time Synchronization Errors

If seeing "different time between server and client" errors:

Immediate workaround: Increase tolerance on both sides: 

client_server_connect_maximum_time_diff_s = 30
receive_packetbuffer_maximum_time_diff_s = 30

Root cause fix: Ensure NTP is working: 

timedatectl status           # Check sync status
chronyc tracking             # Check offset (Chrony)
ntpq -p                      # Check offset (NTP)

Network Throughput Testing

If experiencing "packetbuffer: MEMORY IS FULL" errors, test network with iperf3: 

# On central server
iperf3 -s

# On probe
iperf3 -c <server_ip>
Result Interpretation Action
Expected bandwidth (>900 Mbps on 1Gb) Network OK Check local CPU/RAM
Low throughput Network bottleneck Check switches, cabling, consider Local Processing mode

Debugging SIP Traffic

sngrep does not work on the central server because traffic is encapsulated in the TCP tunnel.

Options:

  • Live Sniffer: Use GUI → Live Sniffer to view SIP from remote sensors
  • sngrep on sensor: Run sngrep -i eth0 directly on the remote sensor

Stale Sensor Records

If a new sensor fails with "bad password" despite correct credentials:

  1. Delete the sensor record from GUI → Settings → Sensors
  2. Restart voipmonitor on the sensor: systemctl restart voipmonitor
  3. The sensor will re-register automatically

Legacy: Mirror Mode

The older mirror_destination/mirror_bind options still work but Client-Server mode is preferred (encryption, simpler management).

To migrate from mirror mode:

  1. Stop sensors, comment out mirror_* parameters
  2. Configure server_bind on central, server_destination on sensors
  3. Restart all services

For mirror mode id_sensor attribution, use: 

# On central receiver
mirror_bind_sensor_id_by_sender = yes

See Also

Filtering Options in Packet Mirroring Mode

ℹ️ Note: Important distinction: In Packet Mirroring mode (packetbuffer_sender=yes):

  • Capture rules (GUI-based): Applied ONLY on the central server
  • BPF filters / IP filters: CAN be applied on the remote sensor to reduce bandwidth

Use the following options on the remote sensor to filter traffic BEFORE sending to the central server: 

# On REMOTE SENSOR (client)

# Option 1: BPF filter (tcpdump syntax) - most flexible
filter = not net 192.168.0.0/16 and not net 10.0.0.0/8

# Option 2: IP allow-list filter - CPU-efficient, no negation support
interface_ip_filter = 192.168.1.0/24
interface_ip_filter = 10.0.0.0/8

Benefits of filtering on remote sensor:

  • Reduces WAN bandwidth usage between sensor and central server
  • Reduces processing load on central server
  • Use filter for complex conditions (tcpdump/BPF syntax)
  • Use interface_ip_filter for simple IP allow-lists (more efficient)

Filtering approaches:

  • For SIP header-based filtering: Apply capture rules on the central server only
  • For IP/subnet filtering: Use filter or interface_ip_filter on remote sensor



AI Summary for RAG

Summary: VoIPmonitor v20+ Client-Server architecture for distributed deployments using encrypted TCP (default port 60024, zstd compression). Two modes: Local Processing (packetbuffer_sender=no) analyzes locally and sends CDRs only (1Gb sufficient); Packet Mirroring (packetbuffer_sender=yes) forwards raw packets to central server. Critical requirements: (1) exclude server_bind_port from sipport on central server (prevents memory issues); (2) sipport must match on probe and central server; (3) single sniffer must process both SIP and RTP for same call; (4) natalias only on central server. Intermediate servers supported for hub-and-spoke topology. Use manager_ip to bind outgoing connections to specific IP on HA setups. Sensor health via management API port 5029: echo 'sniffer_stat' | nc <ip> 5029. Debug SIP using Live Sniffer in GUI or sngrep on remote sensor. Stale sensor records cause "bad password" errors - delete from GUI Settings → Sensors and restart. Time sync errors: fix NTP or increase client_server_connect_maximum_time_diff_s.

Keywords: distributed architecture, client-server, packetbuffer_sender, local processing, packet mirroring, server_destination, server_bind, sipport exclusion, AWS VPC Traffic Mirroring alternative, intermediate server, sensor health, sniffer_stat, Live Sniffer, natalias, version compatibility, time synchronization, NTP, stale sensor record, mirror mode migration, manager_ip, high availability

Key Questions:

  • How do I connect multiple VoIPmonitor sensors to a central server?
  • What is the difference between Local Processing and Packet Mirroring mode?
  • Why is VoIPmonitor using high memory on the central server?
  • Why is a remote probe not detecting all calls on expected ports?
  • How do I check VoIPmonitor sensor health status?
  • Why does a new sensor fail with "bad password" error?
  • How do I migrate from mirror mode to client-server mode?
  • What causes time synchronization errors between client and server?
  • Where should natalias be configured in distributed deployments?
  • Can VoIPmonitor act as an intermediate server?
  • What is an alternative to AWS VPC Traffic Mirroring?
Retrieved from "https://www.voipmonitor.org/doc/index.php?title=Sniffer_distributed_architecture&oldid=10462"